LONDON: Ukrainian forces are violating international law and endangering civilians by establishing bases in residential areas, including in schools and hospitals, Amnesty International said Thursday.

The defenders' tactics in no way justify Russia's indiscriminate attacks, the rights group said in a new report, and some Russian war crimes including in the city of Kharkiv were not linked to the tactics.

We have documented a pattern of Ukrainian forces putting civilians at risk and violating the laws of war when they operate in populated areas, Amnesty secretary general Agnes Callamard said.

Being in a defensive position does not exempt the Ukrainian military from respecting international humanitarian law.

Residential areas where Ukrainian soldiers based themselves were miles away from frontlines, and viable alternatives were available that would not endanger civilians, the report said.

But it said the soldiers had failed to tell civilians to evacuate the areas, despite launching strikes on Russian forces that exposed them to retaliatory fire.

Amnesty researchers witnessed Ukrainian forces using hospitals as de facto military bases in five locations, and in 22 schools.  Although the schools have been shut during the conflict, they were located in civilian neighbourhoods.

Ukraine's government pushed back hard at the report, alleging Amnesty was in league with Kremlin propagandists.

Ukrainian armed forces take all measures to move civilians to safer areas, according to Mykhailo Podolyak, a top aide to President Volodymyr Zelensky.

The only thing that poses a threat to Ukrainians is (Russian) army of executioners and rapists coming to (Ukraine) to commit genocide, he tweeted.

Our defenders protect their nation and families.